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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Property qualification</span></span>

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</p><p>A <b>property qualification</b> is a clause or rule by which those without <a href="Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">property (land)</a>, or those without <a href="Property" title="Property">property</a> of a set appraised value, or those without income of a set value, are not enfranchised to vote in elections, to stand for election, to hold office or from other activities.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2></div>

<p>A property qualification originally barred most commoners from voting or standing for election to the <a href="House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> of <a href="Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England and Wales</a> (after 1707, of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and, after 1801, of the <a href="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>). The <a href="Great_Reform_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reform Bill">Great Reform Bill</a> of 1832 widened the franchise (immediately before this, only a small number of men, and even fewer women, could vote), although it would be 1918 before all men could vote (women would wait until 1928 in Great Britain, and until the 1970s in Northern Ireland). British nationals from the <a href="British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a> technically have the right to vote or stand for election but cannot do so unless they are resident in the United Kingdom, as no House of Commons electoral districts exist for any British Overseas Territory.

</p><p>The 18th-century <a href="Militia_(Great_Britain)" title="Militia (Great Britain)">Militia of England and Wales</a> did not sell <a href="Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissions</a> in the way that the <a href="British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> did at the time, but it instead restricted them to property owners and those with income of a set minimum value.

</p><p>In jurisdictions where the political and economic spheres are dominated by one ethnic, religious or racial group, property qualifications have been used as a way to exclude members of other ethnic, religious or racial groups that may disproportionately lack the required resources. This was the case in <a href="Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, where a property requirement was used to exclude indigenous Irish Catholics from voting in elections for seats in the <a href="Stormont_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormont Parliament">Stormont Parliament</a> until 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 1921 <a href="Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a>, the <a href="Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> had similarly barred most of the native Irish Catholics from voting for Irish seats in the Parliament of the <a href="United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> once the last bar to Catholics voting in the United Kingdom had been lifted by the <a href="Roman_Catholic_Relief_Act_1829" title="Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829">Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829</a>. The property qualification remained in place for mainland United Kingdom elections until the passage of the <a href="Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_of_America">United States of America</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights in the United States</a></div>

<p>In the <a href="Thirteen_Colonies#18th_century" title="Thirteen Colonies">18th-century Thirteen Colonies</a>, suffrage was restricted to males with the following property qualifications:<sup id="cite_ref-Barck_&_Lefler_pp._259–260_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barck_&_Lefler_pp._259–260-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a>: an <a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">estate</a> worth <a href="%C2%A3sd" title="£sd">40 shillings</a> annually or <a href="Connecticut_pound" title="Connecticut pound">£40</a> of <a href="Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a></li>

<li><a href="Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a>: fifty acres of land (twelve <a href="Arable_land" title="Arable land">under cultivation</a>) or <a href="Delaware_pound" title="Delaware pound">£40</a> of personal property</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a>: fifty acres of land</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>: fifty acres of land and <a href="Maryland_pound" title="Maryland pound">£40</a> personal property</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a>: an estate worth 40 shillings annually or <a href="Massachusetts_pound" title="Massachusetts pound">£40</a> of personal property</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>: <a href="New_Hampshire_pound" title="New Hampshire pound">£50</a> of personal property</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: one-hundred acres of land, or real estate or personal property <a href="New_Jersey_pound" title="New Jersey pound">£50</a></li>

<li><a href="Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>: <a href="New_York_pound" title="New York pound">£40</a> of personal property or ownership of land</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a>: fifty acres of land</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>: fifty acres of land or <a href="Pennsylvania_pound" title="Pennsylvania pound">£50</a> of personal property</li>

<li><a href="Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a>: personal property worth <a href="Rhode_Island_pound" title="Rhode Island pound">£40</a> or yielding 50 shillings annually</li>

<li><a href="Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a>: one-hundred acres of <a href="Property_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Property tax in the United States">land on which taxes were paid</a>; or a <a href="Townhouse" title="Townhouse">town house</a> or <a href="Land_lot" title="Land lot">lot</a> worth <a href="South_Carolina_pound" title="South Carolina pound">£60</a> on which taxes were paid; or payment of 10 shillings in taxes</li>

<li><a href="Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>: fifty acres of vacant land, twenty-five acres of cultivated land, and a house twelve feet by twelve feet; or a town lot and a house twelve feet by twelve</li></ul>

<p>Beginning around 1790, individual states began to reassess property ownership as a qualification for enfranchisement. In the early 1800s, many states removed their property requirements for voting, while at the same time several states disenfranchised women and free African-Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By 1840, North Carolina, Rhode Island, and Virginia were the only states that still had property requirements to vote. The property requirement in Rhode Island led to the <a href="Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a>, essentially an intra-state civil war. In 1856, North Carolina was the final state to remove the property requirement for voting, although requirements for paying tax remained in five states.<sup id="cite_ref-NBER2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBER2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Timocracy" title="Timocracy">Timocracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Forty-shilling_freeholders" title="Forty-shilling freeholders">Forty-shilling freeholders</a></li>

<li><a href="Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, Graham. <i>A History of the Ulster Unionist Party: Protest, Pragmatism and Pessimism</i>. Page 162. Manchester Studies in Modern History. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7190-6109-7</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Barck_&_Lefler_pp._259–260-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barck_&_Lefler_pp._259–260_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarckLefler1958" class="citation book cs1">Barck, Oscar T.; Lefler, Hugh T. (1958). <i>Colonial America</i>. New York: <a href="Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>260.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFree2015" class="citation book cs1">Free, Laura (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCF6CgAAQBAJ"><i>Suffrage Reconstructed: Gender, Race, and Voting Rights in the Civil War Era</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oCF6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">3</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5017-0108-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-NBER2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBER2005_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_L._Engerman,_University_of_Rochester_and_NBERKenneth_L._Sokoloff,_University_of_California,_Los_Angeles_and_NBER2005" class="citation cs2">Stanley L. Engerman, University of Rochester and NBER; Kenneth L. Sokoloff, University of California, Los Angeles and NBER (February 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111211244/http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf"><i>The Evolution of Suffrage Institutions in the New World</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, pp. 16, 35, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Workshops-Seminars/Economic-History/sokoloff-050406.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>, <q>By 1840, only three states retained a property qualification, North Carolina (for some state-wide offices only), Rhode Island, and Virginia. In 1856 North Carolina was the last state to end the practice. Tax-paying qualifications were also gone in all but a few states by the Civil War, but they survived into the 20th century in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island.</q></cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{citation}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJandaBerryGoldman2008" class="citation book cs1">Janda, Kenneth; Berry, Jeffrey M.; Goldman, Jerry (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/challengeofdemoc0009jand"><i>The challenge of democracy : government in America</i></a></span> (9. ed., update ed.). Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/challengeofdemoc0009jand/page/207">207</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-618-99094-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

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